Both can be in French Adjectives, Adverbs and Nouns and mean bad in English but their meaning in French is different.
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C’est un mauvais garçon
It is a bad idea, again mauvaise (feminine, idée in French)
C’est une mauvaise idée
The sea is bad: la mer est mauvaise
I feel bad, how do you feel? bad, so bad is here an adverb and in French it is “mal”Usualy in English the adverb is badly, but as you can see, not all the times
I slept badly: J’ai mal dormi
Both:He works badly: il travaille mal
His work is bad: son travail est mauvais
He speaks poor or bad English: il parle mal anglais
His English is bad: son anglais est mauvais.
How to translate “it is bad”, it depends on the meaning
If you want to say that something is morally or legally wrong or bad, we use “mal”.
It is bad to lie: c’est mal de mentir
If you want to say that it is bad for your health, something dangerous, we use “mauvais”.
It is bad for your health: c’est mauvais pour la santé
Health: it is bad to eat only canned foods: c’est mauvais de ne manger que des conserves
Nasty and sad: he is a bad boy, it’s bad news: c’est une mauvaise nouvelle
Taste: it is not bad: ce n’est pas mauvais
Lessons, school, wrong: it is bad or it is wrong: c’est mauvais, he is bad at French: il est mauvais en français.
Not moral: it is bad to steal: c’est mal de voler
Badly, poorly, wrongly: he works badly or poorly: il travaille mal
Pay attention to idiomatic expressions
It is bad manners: c’est mal élevé or ce sont de mauvaises manières
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